This study provides an overview of the shift toward local control of forests, wildlife, and other natural resources in southern Africa, with a focus on the emergence and evolution of Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Over the past 10–15 years, CBNRM has gained prominence in policy, development, and research circles, reflecting a growing emphasis on community participation, equitable resource access, and fair benefit-sharing. Initially centred on wildlife conservation and biodiversity protection, CBNRM has expanded to encompass forest and woodland management, rangeland governance, ecotourism, catchment restoration, and broader natural resource-based livelihood initiatives. The approach aims to support sustainable rural livelihoods through improved, locally-driven management of natural resources. Key principles highlighted in the study include fair access and shared rights, participatory decision-making, community ownership, local-level institutions, incentive structures that encourage collective action, and the integration of local knowledge and traditions. These factors are considered essential for achieving effective, equitable, and sustainable natural resource management, and for strengthening local accountability, stewardship, and long-term conservation outcomes.